Raporo y'ubushakashatsi yakozwe n'Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima ivuga ko umubare w'abarwayi ba myopia mu Bushinwa wageze kuri miliyoni 600 mu 2018, kandi igipimo cya myopia mu bangavu kiza ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi. Ubushinwa bwabaye igihugu kinini ku isi gifite myopia. Dukurikije imibare y'ibarura ryakozwe mu 2021, igipimo cya myopia kigera kuri kimwe cya kabiri cy'abaturage b'igihugu. Kubera umubare munini w'abantu bafite myopia, ni ngombwa cyane kwamamaza ubumenyi bw'umwuga bushingiye kuri myopia mu buryo bwa siyansi.
Uburyo bwa myopia
Kugeza ubu ntabwo birasobanuka neza impamvu indwara ya myopia ibaho. Mu magambo make, ntabwo tuzi impamvu ibaho.
Ibintu bifitanye isano na myopia
Dukurikije ubushakashatsi ku buvuzi n'amaso, indwara ya myopia iterwa n'ibintu byinshi nk'imiterere y'uturemangingo n'ibidukikije, kandi ishobora kuba ifitanye isano n'ibintu bikurikira.
1. Myopia ifite imiterere runaka ya genetike. Uko ubushakashatsi ku bintu bigize genetike bya myopia bugenda bwimbitse, cyane cyane myopia itera indwara ifite amateka yo mu muryango, ubu byemejwe ko myopia itera indwara ari indwara ya genetike imwe, kandi ikunze kugaragara cyane ni indwara ya autosomal recessive inheritance. . Myopia yoroshye ubu iragwa bitewe n'ibintu byinshi, hamwe n'ibintu byabonetse bigira uruhare runini.
2. Ku bijyanye n'ibidukikije, ibintu nko gusoma hafi igihe kirekire, urumuri rudahagije, gusoma igihe kirekire cyane, kwandika mu buryo budasobanutse neza cyangwa buto cyane, kwicara nabi, imirire mibi, kugabanuka kw'ibikorwa byo hanze, no kwiyongera k'urwego rw'amashuri bishobora kuba bifitanye isano n'iterambere rya myopia.
Itandukaniro mu byiciro bya myopia
Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwa myopia, kuko icyateye itangira, icyateye indwara idakira neza, urwego rwa myopia, igihe myopia imara, gutuza, ndetse no kumenya niba hari uburyo bwo kuyikosora byose bishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibipimo byo gushyira mu byiciro.
1. Dukurikije urwego rwa myopia:
Myopia nkeya:ubushyuhe buri munsi ya dogere 300 (≤-3.00 D).
Myopia iringaniye:Ubushyuhe bwa dogere 300 kugeza kuri dogere 600 (-3.00 D~ -6.00 D).
Myopia:ubushyuhe burenga dogere 600 (>-6.00 D) (byitwa kandi pathological myopia)
2. Dukurikije imiterere y'ingufu zituma umuntu asubira inyuma (impamvu itaziguye):
(1) Myopia ifata imitsi yo mu bwonko,Iyi ni indwara ya myopia iterwa no kwiyongera k'imbaraga zo gusubiza inyuma kw'ijisho bitewe n'ibice bidasanzwe byo gusubiza inyuma kw'ijisho cyangwa uruvange rudasanzwe rw'ibice mu gihe uburebure bw'ijisho ari busanzwe. Ubu bwoko bwa myopia bushobora kuba ubw'igihe gito cyangwa ubw'iteka ryose.
Myopia ifata amashusho ishobora kugabanywamo myopia ifata amashusho (curvature myopia) na myopia ifata amashusho (refractive index myopia). Iya mbere iterwa ahanini no kugorama cyane kw'ijisho ry'amaso cyangwa ijisho, nk'abarwayi ba keratoconus, ijisho ry'umubumbe cyangwa ijisho rito; iya kabiri iterwa no kugorama cyane kw'ijisho ry'amazi n'ijisho, nk'abarwayi ba cataract y'ibanze, abarwayi ba iris-ciliary body inflammation.
(2) Myopia yo mu mutwe:Igabanyijemo kabiri ibice bibiri: myopia idafite pulasitiki na myopia idafite pulasitiki. Myopia idafite pulasitiki bivuze ko imbaraga zo gusubiza inyuma z'ijisho ari ibisanzwe, ariko uburebure bw'umurongo w'imbere n'inyuma w'ijisho burenze urugero rusanzwe. Buri kwiyongera kwa mm 1 mu murongo w'ijisho bingana no kwiyongera kwa dogere 300 za myopia. Muri rusange, diopteri ya myopia idafite uburebure iba iri munsi ya dogere 600 za myopia. Iyo diopteri ya myopia idafite uburebure bw'igice cy'ijisho yiyongereye ikagera kuri dogere 600, uburebure bw'umurongo w'ijisho bukomeza kwiyongera. Myopia ya diopteri ishobora kugera kuri dogere zirenga 1000, ndetse rimwe na rimwe ikagera kuri dogere 2000. Ubwo bwoko bwa myopia bwitwa myopia igenda ihinduka cyangwa myopia idahinduka.
Amaso agira impinduka zitandukanye z’uburwayi nko kuba afite indwara nyinshi zo mu maso, kandi ubushobozi bwo kureba ntibushobora gukosorwa neza. Ubu bwoko bwa myopia bufite amateka yo mu muryango kandi bufitanye isano na genetiki. Haracyari icyizere cyo kugenzurwa no gukira mu bwana, ariko ntabwo ari ukukura.
Indwara ya myopia yo mu mutwe yitwa kandi plastic myopia nyayo. Impamvu nko kubura vitamine n'ibintu bifatika mu gihe cyo gukura no gukura bishobora gutera myopia, ndetse na myopia iterwa n'indwara z'amaso cyangwa indwara z'umubiri. Igabanyijemo kabiri plastic pseudomyopia y'igihe gito, plastic myopia yo mu mutwe na plastic myopia yo mu mutwe.
(a) Indwara y'igihe gito ya pulasitiki:Ubu bwoko bwa myopia bufata igihe gito kugira ngo bubeho ugereranyije na pseudomyopia y'igihe gito ya pulasitiki. Ubu bwoko bwa myopia, kimwe na pseudomyopia y'igihe gito isanzwe, bushobora gusubira ku isura isanzwe mu gihe gito. Ubwoko butandukanye bwa myopia busaba uburyo butandukanye bwo gukira. Ibiranga pseudomyopia y'igihe gito ya pulasitiki: iyo ibintu bikosowe, kureba birarushaho kuba byiza; iyo ibintu bishya bivutse, myopia ikomeza kwiyongera. Muri rusange, hari urwego rwa plasticity ruri hagati ya dogere 25 na 300.
(b) Myopia yo hagati ya pulasitiki:Ubushobozi bwo kureba ntiburushaho kuba bwiza nyuma yo gukosora ibintu, kandi nta mpyiko nyayo ya plastiki yagutse ku murongo w’amaso.
(c) Myopia yo mu mutwe ya plastiki:Iyo pseudomyopia ya pulasitiki yo mu bwoko bwa myopia yo mu mutwe ihinduka myopia nyayo ya pulasitiki, biragoye kugarura amaso. Serivisi yo kuvura myopia ikoreshwa mu myitozo ya 1+1, kandi umuvuduko wo kuvura uba ugenda buhoro. Bisaba Igihe nacyo ni kirekire cyane.
(3) Myopia ivanze:ubwoko bubiri bwa mbere bwa myopia buriho
3. Gushyira mu byiciro hakurikijwe uko indwara igenda ikura n'impinduka mu ndwara
(1) Myopia yoroshye:Izwi kandi nka myopia y'abana, ni ubwoko busanzwe bwa myopia. Ibintu bigize imiterere y'umubiri ntibirasobanuka neza. Bifitanye isano ahanini n'umutwaro wo kureba mwinshi mu gihe cy'ubwangavu n'imikurire. Uko imyaka igenda ikura n'imikurire y'umubiri, ku myaka runaka, bihora bihindagurika. Igipimo cya myopia muri rusange kiba kiri hasi cyangwa kiri hagati, myopia igenda itera imbere buhoro buhoro, kandi kureba neza biba byiza.
(3) Myopia itera indwara:Izwi kandi nka myopia ikomeza kwiyongera, ahanini ifite ibintu bigize imiterere y'umubiri. Myopia ikomeza kwiyongera, ikura vuba mu gihe cy'ubugimbi, kandi imboni y'ijisho iracyakura ndetse na nyuma y'imyaka 20. Imikorere y'amaso iragabanuka cyane, ikagaragazwa no kuba intera iri hasi y'isanzwe no kureba hafi, ndetse no kubona ibintu mu buryo budasanzwe no kumva ko ibintu bitandukanye bidashobora kumera neza. Iherekejwe n'ingorane nko kwangirika kw'ijisho mu gice cy'inyuma cy'ijisho, utudomo twa myopia, kuva amaraso mu maso, na staphyloma y'inyuma, iyi ndwara igenda yiyongera kandi ikagenda ikura; ingaruka zo kugorora amaso ziba mbi mu byiciro bya nyuma.
4. Gushyira mu byiciro hakurikijwe niba hari imbaraga zo guhindura zirimo.
(1) Pseudomyopia:Izwi kandi nka accommodative myopia, iterwa no gukora hafi igihe kirekire, kwiyongera k'umutwaro wo kureba, kunanirwa kuruhuka, guhangayika cyangwa gucika intege. Myopia ishobora gucika binyuze mu miti yo kwagura amaso. Ariko, muri rusange abantu bizera ko ubu bwoko bwa myopia ari cyo cyiciro cya mbere cyo kugaragara no gukura kwa myopia.
(2) Myopia nyayo:Nyuma yo gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bw'indwara ya cycloplegic n'indi miti, igipimo cya myopia ntikigabanuka cyangwa ngo igipimo cya myopia kigabanukeho munsi ya 0.50D.
(3) Myopia ivanze:yerekeza kuri diopteri ya myopia yagabanutse nyuma yo gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bw'amaraso n'ubundi buryo bwo kuvura, ariko imiterere y'indwara yo mu mutwe ntabwo irakira.
Myopia nyakuri cyangwa atari yo isobanurwa hashingiwe ku kuba hari uburyo bwo kuyihindura. Amaso ashobora kwihuza ubwayo uhereye ku bintu biri kure ukagera hafi, kandi ubwo bushobozi bwo kuyihuza bushingiye ku buryo amaso akoresha. Imikorere idahwitse y’amaso igabanyijemo ibice bibiri: accommodative temporary pseudomyopia na accommodative true myopia.
Indwara y'igihe gito yo kureba irushaho kuba nziza nyuma ya mydriasis, kandi kureba kurarushaho kuba byiza nyuma y'uko amaso aruhutse igihe runaka. Muri myopia yo hagati yo kureba isanzwe, ubushobozi bwo kureba nyuma yo kwaguka ntibushobora kugera kuri 5.0, umurongo w'ijisho ni usanzwe, kandi impande z'ijisho ntizongerwa mu buryo bw'umubiri. Gusa iyo wongereye neza urugero rwa myopia ni bwo ubushobozi bwo kureba bwa 5.0.
Myopia nyayo ifasha mu kuvura indwara. Bivuga ko indwara ya pseudomyopia idashobora kugaruka ku gihe. Iki kibazo kimara igihe kirekire, kandi umurongo w'ijisho urarekurwa kugira ngo uhuze n'iki kibazo cyo kureba hafi y'aho umuntu abona.
Nyuma y'uburebure bw'ijisho ku ruhande rw'ijisho, imitsi y'ijisho iraruhuka kandi ikirahure cy'ijisho kigasubira ku buryo busanzwe. Myopia iba yarangije inzira nshya y'ihindagurika. Buri burebure bw'ijisho bwongereweho 1mm. Myopia yiyongeraho dogere 300. Myopia nyayo iravuka. Ubwo bwoko bwa myopia nyayo butandukanye cyane na myopia nyayo. Ubwo bwoko bwa myopia nyayo bufite amahirwe yo kugarura amaso.
Inyongera ku cyiciro cya myopia
Aha tugomba kumenya ko pseudomyopia atari "myopia" yo kwa muganga kuko iyi "myopia" ishobora kubaho kuri buri wese, mu gihe icyo ari cyo cyose cyo gusubiza inyuma, kandi igihe icyo ari cyo cyose, amaso azaba ananiwe. Myopia ishira nyuma y'uko impande zombi zaguwe ni pseudomyopia, naho myopia ikiriho ni myopia nyayo.
Indwara ya myopia yo mu jisho ishyirwa mu byiciro hashingiwe ku mpamvu itera ubusembwa mu miyoboro y'amaso igaragara mu jisho.
Iyo ijisho ridafite ubushobozi bwo kuvura, imiterere itandukanye yo kuvura iri mu jisho irasubiza urumuri kuri retina. Ku bantu bafite ubushobozi bwo kuvura, imbaraga zose zo kuvura z’imiterere itandukanye yo kuvura iri mu jisho n’intera (umurongo w’ijisho) uvuye ku mboni iri imbere y’ijisho ugera kuri retina iri inyuma birahuye neza.
Iyo imbaraga zose zo kugarura urumuri ari nini cyane cyangwa intera ikaba ndende cyane, urumuri ruzagwa imbere ya retina iyo urebye kure, ariyo myopia. Myopia iterwa n'imbaraga nyinshi zo kugarura urumuri ni myopia yo kugarura urumuri (iterwa n'ibibazo by'imboni, ibibazo by'indorerwamo, indwara ya katarakte, diyabete, nibindi), na myopia yo ku ruhande iterwa no kurekura k'uburebure bw'ijisho inyuma y'imiterere ya emmetropic (ubwoko bwa myopia abantu benshi bafite)).
Abantu benshi barwara indwara ya myopia mu bihe bitandukanye. Bamwe bavukana indwara ya myopia, abandi bavukana indwara ya myopia mu gihe cy'ubugimbi, abandi bavukana indwara ya myopia mu gihe cy'ubukure. Dukurikije igihe cya myopia, ishobora kugabanywamo indwara ya myopia ivuka (myopia ivuka), indwara ya myopia itangira hakiri kare (munsi y'imyaka 14), indwara ya myopia itangira mu gihe cya nyuma (imyaka 16 kugeza 18), na myopia itangira mu gihe cya nyuma (nyuma y'imyaka mikuru).
Hari kandi niba diopteri izahinduka nyuma y’uko myopia itangiye kugaragara. Iyo diopteri idahindutse mu gihe kirenze imyaka ibiri, iba ihamye. Iyo diopteri ikomeje kuba ndende mu myaka ibiri, iba ikomeje kwiyongera.
Incamake y'ishyirwa mu byiciro rya myopia
Mu bijyanye n'ubuvuzi bw'amaso n'amaso, hari izindi nzego nyinshi za myopia, tutazashyira ahagaragara bitewe n'ubuhanga bwa mikorosikopi. Hari ubwoko bwinshi bwa myopia, butavuguruzanya. Bugaragaza gusa uburyo bigoye kandi butazwi neza bw'imikorere ya myopia n'iterambere ryayo. Tugomba gusobanura no gutandukanya ibyiciro bya myopia n'ibindi bice bitandukanye.
Ikibazo cya myopia cya buri muntu mu bantu bacu bafite myopia kigomba kuba ishami ry’icyiciro cya myopia gihuye nacyo. Nta gushidikanya ko kuvuga ku bijyanye no kwirinda no kurwanya myopia hatitawe ku byiciro bya myopia.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-24-2023